Browse All Haplogroups

Haplogroup A is the root of the entire human Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. All men alive today descend from the patrilineal ancestor who defines this haplogroup. The deepest bran…

BT is the ancestral haplogroup of all non-A lineages. It splits into haplogroup B (found mainly in African hunter-gatherer groups such as the Pygmies) and haplogroup CT, which even…

CT is the immediate ancestor of virtually all haplogroups found outside Africa, and also gave rise to most common lineages within Africa. It splits into three main branches: C (fou…

DE is the ancestor of haplogroups D and E. Haplogroup D is found mainly in East Asia (Japan, Tibet) and the Andaman Islands, while haplogroup E is the predominant Y-DNA lineage in …

Haplogroup D is one of the most geographically puzzling Y-DNA haplogroups. It is found at very high frequencies in Japan (35–40% as D-M55), Tibet (50% as D-M64), and the Andaman Is…

E is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Africa, found in over 80% of sub-Saharan African men. It split into two major branches: E1b1a, which is the characteristic haplogroup of West,…

E1b1b (defined by marker M215) is strongly associated with Afroasiatic-speaking populations across Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Near East, and has al…

CF is the immediate ancestor of haplogroups C and F. C spread along coastal routes toward South Asia, East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas, while F gave rise to virtually all major…

Haplogroup C is one of the oldest non-African haplogroups and is associated with some of the earliest out-of-Africa coastal migrations. Its branches span from South Asia (C-M356) t…

C2 (C-M217) is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Mongolia and among Turkic and Mongolic peoples of Central and Northeast Asia. It is most famous for containing the lineage of Gen…

Haplogroup F is the ancestor of the vast majority of men outside Africa. It gave rise to haplogroups G, H (Y-DNA), IJ (ancestral to I and J), and the enormous K macro-haplogroup wh…

Haplogroup G is strongly associated with Caucasian populations — particularly Georgians, Armenians, and Ossetes — and with Neolithic farmers who carried agriculture from Anatolia i…

Y-DNA haplogroup H (defined by marker M69) is found predominantly in South Asia, where it represents one of the oldest indigenous paternal lineages. It is particularly common among…

IJ is the ancestral haplogroup of both I and J. Haplogroup I is the predominant lineage of pre-Neolithic European hunter-gatherers and remains common across Northern and Southeaste…

Haplogroup I is the oldest major Y-DNA haplogroup in Europe, predating both Neolithic farmers (who arrived from Anatolia ~9,000 years ago) and Bronze Age steppe migrants (who arriv…

I1 is the characteristic Y-DNA haplogroup of Scandinavians and Northern Europeans, found at its highest frequencies in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland. Despite the ha…

Haplogroup I2 is the dominant paternal lineage in the Balkans and is common across Eastern Europe. It is most frequent in Bosnia (71%), Croatia (38%), and Serbia (35%), and is foun…

Haplogroup J is the common ancestor of J1 and J2, two major lineages strongly associated with the Near East, Arabian Peninsula, and Mediterranean. J1 is particularly dominant among…

J1 is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in the Arabian Peninsula and among Arab populations worldwide. The dominant subclade J1-P58 likely expanded significantly with the spread of …

J2 is a Y-DNA haplogroup strongly associated with the Neolithic spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent into Europe, the Caucasus, and South Asia. It is found at high frequ…

Haplogroup K is a massive macro-haplogroup that encompasses the majority of all Y-DNA lineages in Eurasia, the Americas, Oceania, and parts of Africa. Its descendant branches inclu…

NO is the ancestral haplogroup of both N and O. Haplogroup O is the dominant lineage across East Asia and Southeast Asia, carried by the majority of Han Chinese, Japanese, Korean, …

Haplogroup N originated in Southeast Asia or South China and spread northward through Siberia, eventually reaching Northern Europe. It is defined by the M231 marker. The major subc…

N1 is the major subclade of N that spread into Siberia and Northern Europe. It is divided into N1a (found in East Asia and among some Siberian groups) and N1c (the dominant Uralic-…

N1c (now classified as N-L392) is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Uralic-speaking peoples, including Finns, Estonians, Sami, and many Siberian groups. It spread westward from S…

Haplogroup O is the overwhelmingly dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in East and Southeast Asia, accounting for 60–80% of men in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and the P…

Haplogroup P is the immediate ancestor of Q and R, two of the most widespread and consequential Y-DNA haplogroups in human history. Q is associated with the peopling of the America…

Haplogroup Q is the patrilineal haplogroup of almost all indigenous peoples of the Americas. It originated in Central or North Asia and migrated across the Bering land bridge appro…

Haplogroup R is the parent of R1 (which contains R1a and R1b, dominant across Europe and South Asia) and R2 (found mainly in South Asia and Central Asia). R likely originated in Ce…

R1 is the parent clade of R1a and R1b — the two most widespread Y-DNA haplogroups in Europe and South Asia. R1 likely originated in Central Asia during the last glacial maximum and…

R1a is one of the most widespread Y-DNA haplogroups in Eurasia, found at high frequencies across South Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe. It is strongly associated with the ex…

R1b is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching frequencies above 80% in Ireland, Wales, and parts of Spain. It arrived in Western Europe with the Bronze…

Haplogroup L is the root macrohaplogroup of all human mitochondrial DNA. Every living person traces their maternal line back to the L ancestor — mitochondrial Eve — who lived in su…

Mitochondrial haplogroup L3 is one of the most important in human prehistory: it is the direct ancestor of haplogroups M and N, which together gave rise to virtually all non-Africa…

Mitochondrial haplogroup M (not to be confused with Y-DNA haplogroup M) is one of the two daughters of L3 — alongside N — that gave rise to all non-African maternal lineages. M is …

Mitochondrial haplogroup N (not to be confused with Y-DNA haplogroup N) is one of the two major out-of-Africa maternal lineages, alongside M. From N descended haplogroup R (which g…

Mitochondrial haplogroup R (distinct from Y-DNA R) is a major branch of N that gave rise to the most common European maternal lineages. Its descendants include H and V (via HV), J …

Mitochondrial haplogroup HV is the common ancestor of H and V, the two most frequent maternal haplogroups in Europe. H alone accounts for ~40–50% of European women. HV itself (in i…

Mitochondrial haplogroup H is by far the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe, accounting for roughly 40–50% of European maternal lineages. It likely originated in the Near East …

JT is the ancestral haplogroup of mitochondrial haplogroups J and T, two of the most common maternal lineages in Europe and the Near East. Both J and T were carried into Europe pri…

Mitochondrial haplogroup U is one of the oldest mtDNA haplogroups in Europe and the Near East, and contains several historically important subclades. U5 is considered the most anci…

Mitochondrial haplogroup K is a subclade of U8 found commonly across Europe, the Near East, and notably among Ashkenazi Jews (~32%). Three specific K subclades — K1a1b1a, K1a9, and…